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可见性

方法默认情况下是公开的:编译器将始终允许您调用它们。由于这个原因,没有 public 关键字。

方法可以标记为 privateprotected

私有方法

只能在没有接收者的情况下调用 private 方法,也就是说,在点号之前没有东西。唯一的例外是 self 作为接收者。

class Person
  private def say(message)
    puts message
  end

  def say_hello
    say "hello"      # OK, no receiver
    self.say "hello" # OK, self is a receiver, but it's allowed.

    other = Person.new
    other.say "hello" # Error, other is a receiver
  end
end

请注意,子类可以访问 private 方法。

class Employee < Person
  def say_bye
    say "bye" # OK
  end
end

私有类型

私有类型只能在其定义的命名空间内引用,而不能被完全限定。

class Foo
  private class Bar
  end

  Bar      # OK
  Foo::Bar # Error
end

Foo::Bar # Error

private 可与 classmodulelibenumalias 和常量一起使用。

class Foo
  private ONE = 1

  ONE # => 1
end

Foo::ONE # Error

受保护的方法

protected 方法只能在以下情况下调用:

  1. 与当前类型相同的类型的实例
  2. 与当前类型在同一个命名空间(类、结构体、模块等)中的实例
# Example of 1

class Person
  protected def say(message)
    puts message
  end

  def say_hello
    say "hello"      # OK, implicit self is a Person
    self.say "hello" # OK, self is a Person

    other = Person.new "Other"
    other.say "hello" # OK, other is a Person
  end
end

class Animal
  def make_a_person_talk
    person = Person.new
    person.say "hello" # Error: person is a Person but current type is an Animal
  end
end

one_more = Person.new "One more"
one_more.say "hello" # Error: one_more is a Person but current type is the Program

# Example of 2

module Namespace
  class Foo
    protected def foo
      puts "Hello"
    end
  end

  class Bar
    def bar
      # Works, because Foo and Bar are under Namespace
      Foo.new.foo
    end
  end
end

Namespace::Bar.new.bar

protected 方法只能从其类或其子类的范围调用。这包括类范围以及定义 protected 方法的相同类型(与 protected 方法定义的类型相同)的类方法和实例方法的正文,以及所有包含或继承该类型以及该命名空间中的所有类型。

class Parent
  protected def self.protected_method
  end

  Parent.protected_method # OK

  def instance_method
    Parent.protected_method # OK
  end

  def self.class_method
    Parent.protected_method # OK
  end
end

class Child < Parent
  Parent.protected_method # OK

  def instance_method
    Parent.protected_method # OK
  end

  def self.class_method
    Parent.protected_method # OK
  end
end

class Parent::Sub
  Parent.protected_method # OK

  def instance_method
    Parent.protected_method # OK
  end

  def self.class_method
    Parent.protected_method # OK
  end
end

私有顶级方法

private 顶级方法只在当前文件中可见。

one.cr
private def greet
  puts "Hello"
end

greet # => "Hello"
two.cr
require "./one"

greet # undefined local variable or method 'greet'

这使您可以定义只在该文件中已知的辅助方法。

私有顶级类型

private 顶级类型只在当前文件中可见。

one.cr
private class Greeter
  def self.greet
    "Hello"
  end
end

Greeter.greet # => "Hello"
two.cr
require "./one"

Greeter.greet # undefined constant 'Greeter'